Redefining The Sexes Throughout History - 1439 Words

Reshaping the Sexes Throughout history, gender roles were portrayed based on their physical appearance and the ability to do things. Men were always considered the caretakers and protectors of their homes and never had to worry about what kind of outfit they had to wear the next day. Men were free to roam around in whatever clothing that appealed to them and no one seemed to care. However, in the case of women, they were the ones who did the house work all day and if she wanted to get an education that was something obscured. Also, woman had to dress in a certain way because their rights were dug down in the dirt and men treated them like objects. The gender norms depicted back then and now are still being attributed to men and women in†¦show more content†¦In the poem, â€Å"My Last Duchess†, Browning makes an interesting connection with sexuality and murder. The first connection we receive is that Duke kills his duchess, so that he can persevere and have her all to himself. His loves f or the Duchess was strong, but sometimes lead to jealousy. The only way they can be together and no one would get in their way is by murdering her. The Duke thought it was okay to kill someone who he loves because it would be easier if no one else can have them, but that is what you call abnormal or someone portrayed as a psycho. Murder is too extreme in this situation and not always the answer. They could have talked it out or went to marriage counseling. The idea of femininity and sexuality comes in to play because the Duke identifies his woman as a useless object, but still loves and worships her at the same time. In the first lines of â€Å"My Last Duchess†, we see the Duke praising or grieving for his dead lover by having a painting of her hung on the wall. â€Å"That’s my last Duchess painted on the wall. Looking as if she were alive.† We already assume that his lover is dead, but we don’t know how. Duke states in line 10, â€Å"the curtain I have drawn for you†. This specific line examines that Duke has covered up the portrait of his duchess with a curtain, which only he can unwrap and secure. No one could see the portrait of the Duchess expect him, unless the Duke wants them too. The Duke thinks that while she was still alive, many people wereShow MoreRelatedAnalyzing Same-Sex Marriage1533 Words   |  6 Pagesof marriage that is the immortalization of the human race and the raising of child ren. Marriage should not be re-defined, it has been described as the nature and purpose of marriage in the beginning God created the Earth. In every culture, throughout history, marriage has been the wedlock of a man and a woman to create and nurture generations of children. Marriage exists to provide the stability for those who enter into it. Indeed, the husband and wife consummate their union that do not just connectRead MoreAmerican Horror Story: Witch Hunt702 Words   |  3 Pagesalthough equal in spirit were not equal in earthly relations. 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Throughout all of my digging, I was not able to find much information on Butler’s influence in media and communications and yet her most famous work, Gender Trouble, is one we will eventually study in this Media and Society class. I began by delving deep intoRead MoreEssay Jane Austen2480 Words   |  10 Pagesupper-middle class of rural England; the class to which she herself belonged. Throughout her novel, Austen portrays the disadvantaged position of woman, presenting the issues of gender stereotyping and marriage choice as the main problems they have to confront. â€Å"Gender came to be seen as a constr uct of society, designed to facilitate the smooth-running of society to the advantage of men†1, proving that men gained power throughout the socially constructed subordination of woman. Taking a post-structuralistRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper and Feminism2126 Words   |  9 PagesOne’s freedom is a privilege that is highly regarded, but in most cases one takes it for granted. 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The lyrics of two rap songs as illustrations and examples of the rap world will be discussedRead MoreThe Federal Republic of Nigeria Essay5255 Words   |  22 Pagescountry and almost all that is produced in Nigeria is produced primarily in the west by the Ibo’s. Women in the Yoruba kingdom are almost equal to men. Yoruba women inheret land and can acquire wealth, which is very unique treatment of most women throughout Nigeria. Almost half of the Nigeria’s population identifies as Muslims, followed by nearly 35 percent Chirsitans, and more than 18 percent as other indigenous religions (Metz, 1991). But as different ethnic groups constitue specific regions inRead MoreAlternative Learning Systems9735 Words   |  39 Pagessociological imaginations (Mills 1959). At the beginning of the semester in the men’s prison, there were 17 male students enrolled, but during the course of the semester several were transferred to different camps or were released, which left 9 remaining throughout the duration of the semester. Three students were black, 3 were Latino, and 3 were white. Additionally, 1 white student finished on the outside by taking his final exam after being released. The second author, Gretchen, taught an introduction to

Sex Offenders Treatment And Prevention For The Future

Psychological Traits, Biological Commonalities, and Genetic Links in Repeat Sex Offenders: Treatment and Prevention for the Future By: Aaron Michael Hoggle ANT 475 – 001: Biology, Culture, and Evolution Dr. Christopher Dana Lynn Psychological Traits, Biological Commonalities, and Genetic Links in Repeat Sex Offenders: Treatment and Prevention for the Future Scientists and researchers have given little attention and on-going investigation with regard to the study of the motivations behind rapists and repeat sex offenders. By looking at a study by Lee, Caruso, Goins, Southerland in 2003, an attempt can be made to answer the question of what drives rapists and sex offenders to do what they do, and in particular examine why those rapists and sex offenders target college campuses. Staggering statistics are reported by Lee, Caruso, Goins, Southerland that uncover the prevalence of sexual assault noting that nearly one in six women have been sexually assaulted. The researchers go even further breaking the statistic down showing that for college women that rate is exponentially higher with one and four falling victim to sexual offenses and rape. With a sexual assault occurring about once every two minutes, males are not likely to escape the abuse either with an estimated one in thirty-three men being victims of sexual violence in their lifet imes. But why do these transgressors of sexual violence exhibit the actions that they do? The criminal mind can beShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Sexual Offending On Adult Offenders1202 Words   |  5 Pageson adult offenders, however, juveniles also engage in such behaviors. Official records indicate that juveniles are responsible for 17 to 20 percent of all sexual crimes, except prostitution, and victim reports, as well as, youth self-reports suggest even higher rates of juvenile sexual offending (Letourneau Borduin, 2008). 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According to Becerra-Garcà ­a, Garcà ­a-Leà ³n and Egan (2012), sex offenders are twice as likely to report being sexually, emotionally, or physically abused as a child in comparison to other offenders. There are also other factors besides abuse that must be taken into consideration. A recent study on female sex offenders by Roe-Sepowitz and Krysik (2008) states, â€Å"the data reveal that many of the 118 female juvenile sex offenders came from chaotic and disorganized families and had poor parentalRead More Conflict Between Therapeutic and Forensic Roles of Psychologists1407 Words   |  6 Pagesar e also informed by Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychologist. Psychologists practicing forensic psychology can use these two documents to help clarify ethical questions. This paper will focus on role conflicts specifically in the area of Sex Offender Management and the ethical conflicts that may arise as a result and how to best handle this situation when faced with it. When an individual chooses to practice psychology within the legal system, they must be aware that this can at any pointRead MorePublic Health Issues Are Concerns On How To Protect The1749 Words   |  7 Pagesaffect the user in the future. Public health observations focus on the medical orientation and preventive concerns of the victims rather than the offenders. The public health professionals may care less for the offenders if the victim does not get hurt or injuries are involved. One matter that may surprise public health professionals is when criminal justice officials switch attention from a victim to their offender. Once the injuries are bean identify, then the offender in concluded, and the informationRead MoreCrime, Social Order And Control1385 Words   |  6 Pagesplace, it has a number of different objectives and priorities. These include prevention, security, harm reduction, loss reduction and fear reduction. (Morgan et al, 2012). This new infrastructure was developed under the turelage of the Home Office in Britain and also by the government in the United States of America. Garland (2001, p16) stated how this new infrastructure can work by, â€Å"community policing, crime prevention panels, safer cities programmes, business programmes and neighbourhood watchRead MoreTreatment For Adult Male Sex Offenders7321 Words   |  30 PagesAM University Social Work Applied Research I Treatment for Adult Male Sex Offenders October 27, 2014 Dr. Chacha †¨ Abstract Introduction The reason for this study is to explain the different types of treatment for adult male sex offenders. The reason for conducting this research is the interest in getting these offenders effective treatment. Literature Review History of Sex Offender Treatment Until the mid-1980s the treatment of sex offenders was conducted primarily in civil commitmentRead MoreSexual Assault of Children Essay2048 Words   |  9 Pagestherapeutic process is quite important, provided that the mother is the non-abusing parent (Webster, 2011).† Oddly, in most cases, the victims of sexual abuse knew the perpetrator in some way; this will increase their vulnerability and raises the risk of future sexual revictimization. Furthermore, it increases the risk that the abused will become the abuser when they grow older. It can be extremely difficult for young children to come forward and express to their parents their abuse because of fear, shameRead MoreThe Root Causes of Sexual Offending: Social Learning Theory1319 Words   |  6 PagesMany etiological theories exist attempting to explain the root causes of sexual offending. Although few provide substantial evidence and no definitive conclusions have been made, the social learning theory has been proposed to account for sex offending behaviors. Specifically, the social learning theory, or victim-to-victimizer theory, suggests sexually abused children learn these behaviors and are much more likely to perpetrate abuse when they’re older (Seto Lalumiere, 2010). The followi ng studiesRead MoreSexual Assault Is A Major Global Issue1821 Words   |  8 Pagesthrough research, government programs, and new fundamental treatment possibilities. As a matter of fact, it is continuing to spread rapidly with a percentage of 25% of women and 15% of men in the United States have been affected by sexual assault (Nelson, 2007, p. 7). Due to rapid growth, public awareness should be made about the different types of sex offenders. The public should be aware of their distinct characteristics and possible treatment options. Public awareness is extremely important; it allows

Organisational Skills and Psychology

Question: Discuss about theOrganisational Skills and Psychology. Answer: Introduction In the present competitive business environment, organizations try to implement unique strategies in order to sustain its position in the market. The implemented strategies not only cover possible outside threats from the market but also take a serious look into the internal factors as well that can also make serious impact on the business processes of the organization (Wagner et al., 2013). For that reason, many organizations include several internal factors at the time of implementing any strategies so that it can be able to fulfil all the requirements of the organization in an appropriate manner. It has also influenced many organizations to outsource several internal issues for fulfilling the business requirements effectively. Now, providing safety health solutions has emerged as one of the prime issues that organizations have to consider in order to motivate employees to give their best at the workplace. In this report, in-depth analysis will be made on implemented strategies of Sacred Heart Hospital for developing the safety culture. The report will highlight both positive and negative aspect of the implemented safety culture by the organization. The report will also focus on providing effective recommendations in order to enhance the present level of safety culture in an appropriate way. Summarizations of Organizations Main Problem and Importance of Resolve it As per the article by Garrett, Stokes Brien (2013) development of safety culture has to be performed by all the high-risk organizations so that customers to do not have to face any type of challenges at the time of availing their products and services. For that reason, many organizations have outsourced the safety culture aspect to the professional experts in order to fulfil the organizational requirements. SafetyFirst is similar type of organization that has the capability of providing solution regarding the development of the safety culture. The case study has highlighted that the safety culture of the Sacred Heart Hospital is not up to the mark. In fact, the case study mentioned that the organization does not provide too much attention in reducing the risk level of the patients. Furthermore, the healthcare institution often consider shortcut steps for fulfilling the requirements of the patients that eventually enhances risk level. However, the concept of safety culture is focused towards minimizing the adverse aspects intrinsically complex and hazardous work (Nie et al., 2013). Therefore, it reduces the risk aspect to a greater level, which helps to increase the trust level among the customers. However, Sacred Heart Hospitals implemented strategies will hamper the trust level among the patients that will create direct adverse impact on the business level of the organization. Thus, it is necessary for the organization to implement necessary steps so that patients do not have to think twice before availing the healthcare services from the organization. As per the article by Sorra et al. (2012) maintenance of safety act is not only important in developing effective safety culture within the organization but also necessary for fulfilling legislative rules and regulation in an appropriate way. Since, improper maintenance of legislative act can actually influence government or healthcare authority to provoke their licence from providing health care services to the patients. On the other hand, Singer Vogus (2013) have highlighted that implementation of innovative machinery and technologies have enhance the significance of developing effective safety culture within the healthcare environment, as improper utilization of the technologies can damage the health condition of the patients to a great extent. Thus, it is necessary for Sacred Heart Hospital to provide particular amount of time as well as training to all the employees so that they can get accustomed with the technologies in an appropriate way. However, the case study has highligh ted that Sacred Heart Hospital does not providing enough time to the employees for understanding the uses of the new technologies and machinery for the treatment of the patients. As a result, it has increased the risk level of the patients to a greater extent. However, the case study has mentioned that head of the department Dr. Kelso has not provided too much attention over the safety culture issue. In fact, as per Dr. Kelso, accident at the hospital is presently at all time low (McCloskey, 2016). Therefore, Sacred Heart Hospital does not have to implement too many changes in providing proper safety atmosphere to the patient. However, the survey report has highlighted that utilization of shortcut techniques has increased the risk aspect hugely. Therefore, it has also increased the possibility of accident at the health care sector of the hospital largely (Bahadori et al., 2016). Thus, Sacred Heart Hospital will have to implement necessary steps to ensure that the safety of the patie nts remain intact. Otherwise, Sacred Heart Hospital might have to face several troubles regarding accident at the treatment or safety level, which will create huge amount of adverse impact on the reliability level of the patients (Morello et al., 2013). Thus, the significance of maintaining proper safety culture is necessary for Sacred Heart Hospital in order to sustain competitive advantage in the market. Recommendation for the Organization From the above discussion, it can be assessed that Sacred Heart Hospital has tried to utilize different types of shortcut techniques for fulfilling the requirements of the operational process. It has increased the risk level of patients in Sacred Heart Hospital largely. Thus, Sacred Heart Hospital will have to focus more on developing consistent process so that employees do not have to take shortcut processes for providing health care support services to the patients. The development of process is also necessary for eliminating any type of confusion among the employees regarding the best possible way to provide healthcare support services (Haugen et al., 2013). For instance, Sacred Heart Hospital can develop specific teams for providing specialized types of treatment to the patients. It not only eliminates the possibility of risk hugely but also ensures employees do not have to work apart from their specialized domain. In fact, development specific process will also help patients to understand the treatment process effectively, which eventually increase the reliability of the patients in an appropriate way. Providing Proper Feedback Regarding the Errors In presenting several recommendations regarding the enhancements of the safety and security of the hospital associates, it is much important to address the issues at the first place. Developing the proper safety workshops for both the patients and the associated workers is necessary for addressing the exact issue (Carayon, 2016). The workshop is suggested by World Health Organisation and designed in a significant way. In this workshop, the workers including the doctors, nurses, midwives, and other pharmacists will be receiving the proper training. The health care administrative department will also be involved in such workshop. The major motto of this workshop is not only to provide the training sessions to the associated personnel, the workshop communicates about the recognised errors in the hospital as well. The associated personnel can address the issues they have been facing within the hospital premises and that have been harmful for their health. The administration needs to keep the focus on such concerns to increase more security for the associated members (Chassin Loeb, 2013). Open Communication In order to address the issues and enhancing the security parameter, the communication openness is much necessary. The repeated responses received from the associated workers would generate the sense of safety that the administration requires understanding the necessity. The guidelines can be provided to the workers in order to raise their concerns when they feel insecure and feel the lack of safety. The establishment of the communication transparency is thus necessary in such cases. In fact, in case of the patients, the communicational transparency should present (Alden et al. 2013). If the patients are being able to express their concerns to the workers or the associated health care personnel, it would be fruitful enough to understand the drawbacks. Moreover, the hospital authority will understand and recognise the areas that need much improvisation. The recognition of such areas will be necessary for the administration to create the safer and secure environment. Rationale for Selecting Such Recommendations It is to be noted that the Sacred Heart Hospital has been facing the significant challenges due to the lack of security and safety of the patients and the associated workers. Therefore, it is much necessary for the hospital authority to implement several health care practices in order to increase the safety parameter (Rosenbaum, 2014). It is even necessary to secure the environment and set the remarkable health care standards. The service users or the patients usually seek the security. The family members even depend on the secure environment of the hospital. Therefore, it is much necessary to maintain the security parameter. It is noted that the World Health Organisation has introduced several health care practices, which are addressing the issues associated with health care centre. Moreover, these practices are improving the security parameter for the associated members. In some of the cases, it is seen that the health care associates have to deal with different patients who carry many diseases. The nurses, midwives, doctors, and the pharmacists have to deal with such diseases. It may create the risks for the people who have been taking care of the patients (Al Ameen, Liu Kwak, 2012). Therefore, it is much important to ensure the security parameter. The health care personnel even require using several medical weapons like scissors, knife, and other medial instruments. In such times there are high chances for the personnel getting injured. The safety practices through training are thus necessary to make them aware of the usages of these medical instruments (Kavaler Alexander, 2012). Moreover, the medical associates deal with several radio technologies like x-rays and other technicalities. Therefore, it is much important for each one of the associates to make safe distance and take several relevant precautions while using such stuffs. Hence, it becom es the major priority for the every health care organisation to set the standards for safety and security in the internal scenario. The administrative department even requires identifying the exact errors that have taken place within the internal scenario of the health care centre. The administrative department needs to provide the proper training session to the associate. They will receive enough knowledge about using the medical instruments that are essential for the treatment process. If concentrated on the safety parameter of the patients, it is noted that maintenance of the hygiene factors would enhance the safety parameter for the patients. The associates are required to be knowledgeable enough in order to maintain such security parameter. When the medical personnel will receive the proper training session about managing the environment, it will be effective enough to provide the safety environment to the patients and the services users as well. Apart from such training process, it is necessary to keep the focus on the communication transparency (Weinstein et al. 2014). In order to resolve the issue, it is required to address the problem in a transparent way. It will become clear to the administrative department regrading the relevant steps that are needed to be undertaken. The administrative department will ensure the areas that require improvisation to enhance the security parameter. If the patients and the associates can communicate with each other, it will be better to understand the exact issue. Moreover, it will become clear to the hospital authority to implement several security practices related to the health care centre. Hence, the recommendations provided for increasing the safety parameter are justified. Conclusion The study is based on the enhancements of the security parameter in Sacred Heart Hospital. The medical personnel and the patients have been facing several concerns due to the lack of the secure and safe environment. The recommendations are focusing on providing the training session to the associated members of the hospital. The maintenance of the transparent communication will be ensuring the elimination of the problems. The knowledge management training and effective communication will be the major keys of establishing a safe and secure environment for both the patients and the medical personnel. References Al Ameen, M., Liu, J., Kwak, K. (2012). Security and privacy issues in wireless sensor networks for healthcare applications.Journal of medical systems,36(1), 93-101. Alden, K. R., Lowdermilk, D. L., Cashion, M. C., Perry, S. E. (2013).Maternity and women's health care. Elsevier Health Sciences. Bahadori, M., Izadi, A. R., Ravangard, R., Hosseini, S. M. (2016). Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Patient Safety Culture in an Iranian Hospital: A Case Study of Fatemeh Zahra Hospital in Najafabad, Iran.Journal of Patient Safety Quality Improvement,4(2), 370-375. Carayon, P. (2016).Handbook of human factors and ergonomics in health care and patient safety. CRC Press. Chassin, M. R., Loeb, J. M. (2013). High?reliability health care: getting there from here.Milbank Quarterly,91(3), 459-490. Garrett, T., Stokes, B., Brien, J. A. (2013). Perceptions of safety culture in hospital pharmacy: how safe do we think we are?.European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy: Science and Practice,20(2), 82-87. Haugen, A. S., Sfteland, E., Eide, G. E., Sevdalis, N., Vincent, C. A., Nortvedt, M. W., Harthug, S. (2013). Impact of the World Health Organization's Surgical Safety Checklist on safety culture in the operating theatre: a controlled intervention study.British journal of anaesthesia,110(5), 807-815. Kavaler, F., Alexander, R. S. (2012).Risk management in health care institutions. Jones Bartlett Publishers. McCloskey, M. (2016, March). A Comparison of Hospital Survey Patient Safety Culture Data in Magnet and non-Magnet Hospitals. In2016 ANA Annual Conference. Ana. Morello, R. T., Lowthian, J. A., Barker, A. L., McGinnes, R., Dunt, D., Brand, C. (2013). Strategies for improving patient safety culture in hospitals: a systematic review.BMJ quality safety,22(1), 11-18. Nie, Y., Mao, X., Cui, H., He, S., Li, J., Zhang, M. (2013). Hospital survey on patient safety culture in China.BMC health services research,13(1), 1. Rosenbaum, B. P. (2014). Radio frequency identification (RFID) in health care: privacy and security concerns limiting adoption.Journal of medical systems,38(3), 1-6. Singer, S. J., Vogus, T. J. (2013). Reducing hospital errors: interventions that build safety culture.Annual review of public health,34, 373-396. Sorra, J., Khanna, K., Dyer, N., Mardon, R., Famolaro, T. (2012). Exploring relationships between patient safety culture and patients assessments of hospital care.Journal of patient safety,8(3), 131-139. Wagner, C., Smits, M., Sorra, J., Huang, C. C. (2013). Assessing patient safety culture in hospitals across countries.International Journal for Quality in Health Care,25(3), 213-221. Weinstein, R. S., Lopez, A. M., Joseph, B. A., Erps, K. A., Holcomb, M., Barker, G. P., Krupinski, E. A. (2014). Telemedicine, telehealth, and mobile health applications that work: opportunities and barriers.The American journal of medicine,127(3), 183-187.

The Fall of Tsarist Russia Essay Example

The Fall of Tsarist Russia Essay The Fall of Tsarist Russia, The Rise of the Soviet Union. â€Å"To the very end, through its inflexibility and ineptness, the autocracy had been the principal architect of its own downfall. -Christopher Read Russia, prior to the rise of the Communist powers, was a simple country, with the Romanov bloodline at its helm. The country, with its sprawling landmass and spread out population, was perhaps one of the least developed countries in Europe. Bruner) While the rest of the world changed and adapted post industrial revolution, Russia failed to play catch up, relying on its conservative leader, who preferred the old world rather than the developing. The modernization of Russia, with its vast territories simply could not be supported by an autocracy successfully. Though the seeds for industrial development were placed in heavy industry, the lack of social rights and liberties, as denied by the Tsars, kept the working class in an unacceptable level of poverty. Ramage) The sudden outbre ak of World War One provided a catalyst to effectively bring down the Tsarist rule of Russia, inspiring the rise of the Soviet Union . It is argued that had Russia retained from fighting in the First World War, the Bolsheviks would never been able to rise above and form the U. S. S. R. Tsarist Russia, already riddled with social and developmental problems had no capacity to take part in a global affair such as the First World War. Tsarist Russia, already in a frail state, was not prepared for fighting in the First World War. The Tsar, who relied on a superficial relationship with the people, managed to isolate himself further from the people then they were willing to follow. The war ravaged through Russia’s economy and resources causing constant unrest for the people. The originally strong spirited war effort had fallen into shambles, under incompetent leadership, causing loss of hope and trust in the government. Nicholas II, the ruler of Russia during the dawn of the 20th century, saw the end of autocratic rule and gave way to the spread of communism. The only thing keeping the country together was the superficial relationship the people had with the tsar. Nicholas the II failed to realize this, his first mistake being his isolation from the people. â€Å"By the end of 1916 the Court was virtually isolated from all educated society, from all the power elites in military, commercial, political and even governmental circles. † (Stavrou 37) â€Å"Nicholas II and  Alexandra  disliked St. Petersburg. Considering it too modern, they moved the family residence in 1895 from Anichkov Palace to Alexander Palace in Tsarskoe Selo, where they lived in seclusion. (Bruner) Removing himself and his family from one of the few developing cities in the country closed his mind, secluded him from the people, and provided a even larger gap between the working class and the ruling party. The Tsar often did not see what was happening on the streets of his cities, as he had secluded himself from them. â€Å"The conservative philosophy of the Tsar underlay all his actions, public or private; he continued to be unreceptive to any suggestion of changes that might limit his authority. † (Stavrou 8) â€Å"The first meeting of the  Duma  took place in May 1906. We will write a custom essay sample on The Fall of Tsarist Russia specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Fall of Tsarist Russia specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Fall of Tsarist Russia specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Several changes in the composition of the Duma had been changed since the publication of the  October Manifesto. Nicholas II  had also created a State Council, an upper chamber, of which he would nominate half its members. He also retained for himself the right to declare war, to control the  Orthodox Church  and to dissolve the Duma. The Tsar also had the power to appoint and dismiss ministers. At their first meeting, members of the  Duma  put forward a series of demands including the release of political prisoners, trade union rights and land reform. Nicholas II  rejected all these proposals and dissolved the Duma. †(Bruner) Nicholas was not willing to break years of tradition, and though superficially he provided the illusion that he was giving a voice to the people, in reality he made sure that he had the power to shut down any development that he did not like. The tsar created an image where he did not trust the people, and in return the people stopped trusting the tsar. The tsar had successfully jeopardized his rule and trust of the people, prior to the beginning of the Great War. In September 1915, Nicholas II assumed supreme command of the  Russian Army  fighting on the  Eastern Front. This linked him to the countrys military failures and during 1917 there was a strong decline support for the Tsar in Russia. †( Bruner) â€Å"The tensions brought about by the war, of five million dead or wounded, of the armys bread ration being cut by a third between December 1916 and February 1917, of the shortages of f ood in the towns, burst to the surface. †(Ramage) The military, already under a technological disadvantage, were suffering the worst casualties of the nations involved in the war. When the tsar took over the military all the blame for the Russian Armies failure landed on him. The people were furious at his inability to lead the country to victory, but worst of all, while the tsar was busy with the war effort he successfully neglected ironing out the infrastructural problems created by those before his rule. Russia of the early 20th century had no capability of fighting in the war. With the undeveloped infrastructure and industry being turned over for military production, resources were sparse, the country was too large and did not have a developed enough transportation system to successfully supply the war, shortage of food ravaged cities, the ever decreasing standard of living brought on the desire for revolution. â€Å"The clamor for rapid industrialization became more intensive. After the great military defeats of the spring and summer of 1915, the gap between resources and political ambition was wider than ever – not only in the view of immediate emergency, but for the long pull as well. (Stavrou 147) â€Å"Every shell that exploded on the battlefield helped to reduce the production of more shells back home in the munitions factories. In other words, the Russian economy could not support both war production and the railways, steel mills, factories, and mines that made war production possible (not to mention the continuing needs of the civilian sec tor of the economy, particularly of agriculture). † (Stavrou 146) The country did not have developed the resources required to run the country and the war together. Poverty levels climaxed and workers began to strike, in hope of reform. Not only was the country not prepared for the war, its economy still recovering, the standard of living worsened as the war went on. Crucial resources being sent to the war front caused strikes and hindered production on the home front; Tsarist Russia’s undeveloped rail system failed to provide Russia’s needs. â€Å"The inadequacy of railroads – which both directly and indirectly contributed significantly to the desperate food shortage, an essential factor in the revolution in February – and the comparable deficiency in industry, which undermined provision of military supplies and of urban facilities, were both symptoms of economic backwardness. (Stavrou 36) The infrastructure failed to transport enough resources causing inflation, starvation, and caused thousands of strikes. â€Å"In 1916 there were 1,284 strikes, involving 952,000 workers. Troops fired on strikers in Kosruma, and the swollen industrial workforce of Moscow and Petrograd became increasin gly susceptible to radical socialist agitation. † (Cawood, Bell 103) â€Å"On March 8, International Women’s Day, women textile workers in Petrograd’s Vuborg District joined those already on strike and poured into the streets demanding more bread. Other Petrograd workers soon joined them, and within two days more than 200,000 strikers, plus many students and other sympathizers, brought everyday life to a standstill. † (Moss 186) Tsarist Russia was ripping itself apart from the inside; the political bodies were unable to seize control of the people, while the military that was supposed to end the riots joined them instead. The focus on the war, and lack of political, social and economic reform brought Russia on its knees. The country needed change to survive. The Russian war-effort brought forth the downfall of Tsar Nicholas II. The campaign was not faring as well as the tsar had hoped, the large Russian army was up against a technologically advanced adversary, with causalities high and resources running out, the cities were ripe for revolution. â€Å"On 31st July, 1914, Sazonov advised the Tsar to order the mobilization of the  Russian Army  even though he knew it would lead to war with the  Germany  and  Austria-Hungary. † (Bruner) â€Å" World War 1, a war perceived by many Russians as a foreign imposition that did not serve Russia’s interests , evoked significant support among many nationally conscious Russians, as well as from the a-political peasantry exhausted by the travails of war. † (Prizel 183) The initial mobilization of the army, brought forth potential hope and patriotism, but as the war expanded, the causalities increased and the resources diminished, the people became restless, and open to new concepts and ideas, they were no longer aligned with the tsar, but with the country, they saw the tsar as a pest to the country. The unity of the nation produced at the beginning of an imperialist war is really only a mask. As war drags on, it exposes all that is rotten in society, sharpening all the social contradictions. † (Ramage) â€Å" the reasons for the Russian army’s defeat were not just to do with quantities of guns, men, resources and foodstuffs. The fact was that the old regime was incapable of waging a modern total war† (Cawood,Bell 126) The people had no initial desire to be part of the conflict, the superficial democratic systems placed by the tsar were over ruled by his desire for the expansion of Russia. The tsar united the cities and the country in order to maintain the war effort, but in doing so he had neglected to provide for the countries needs, uniting it against himself. † (Pearson 6) â€Å"Fifteen million, overwhelmingly peasants, were drafted into the army, where they faced a uniformity of misery which made them open to the ideas of the working class. By 1917 over 800,000 workers were concentrated in defence industries in Moscow, and 300,000 in Petrograd, mainly in huge factories employing thousands. In contrast with previous struggles in Russia, the cities and countryside were brought together in their determination to be done with Tsarist autocracy. † (Ramage) A crucial flaw of the tsar’s plan was unifying the Russian country and cities for the war effort, exerting all resources into the war, and creating havoc in the cities. By this time the Bolshevik takeover didn’t need to go to the streets, the streets had come to the Bolsheviks. The fate of the Tsarist rule of Russia was visible to everyone but the tsar and his family. The seeds of collapse were placed long before, with Russia’s inability to catch up economically, socially and politically. The tsar’s incapacity to maintain his image as the caring, paternal leader of the motherland, gave people reason to doubt and criticize him. Russia’s overall underdevelopment, riddled with economic, industrial and social nuisance, and most importantly the denial for adaption and improvement into the modern world by the Tsar crippled Russia chance when the war began. The military failures of the Red Army, under incapable leadership, a technological disadvantage and depleted resources called for a new system. Communism provided a bright light to the war-weary, exhausted and overworked people of Russia. The First World War provided the mechanism for the fall of a thousand year old empire, inspiring the rise of communism and one of the greatest social and political experiments.

Research Paper on GPS

Research Paper on GPS Introduction The topic of this study is related to the introduction of the Global Positioning System (GPS) in the United States (U.S) and its effect on the U.S in the past ten years. Purpose The purpose of the report is to analyse the political factors influencing the development and introduction of the GPS. Hughes (1991) views on technological development will be used to support the political influences that governed the introduction of the GPS. Winner’s (Beder 1998, p.72) theory will also be used to explain the relationship between these political factors with the GPS. This report will also use Basalla’s (1988) views on social needs and choices to provide an understanding towards the relationship that existed between the society and the GPS after it has been in operation. Scope The scope will only be covering the political influences that governed the introduction of the GPS and its development. The study will also analyse the social factors that affected the use of the GPS after its introduction. Other factors such as technical, geographic and environmental would not be covered by this study. Methods of Investigation Factual and technical books regarding the GPS would be used to support the study. Government reports from the U.S will also be used in aid to support the analysis of this study. Theories used in this study would be taken from the Engineering for Sustainability text. Background The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a radionavigation systems that have been created by the United States Department of Defence (Dod). The system is made up of a constellation of 24 satellites and its various ground stations. The series of satellites called â€Å"Nav star† orbits around the earth in several orbits. The navigation system uses radio frequencies sent out by the series of satellites which can locate a position where a transmitter is present (El-Rabbany, 2002). The GPS was built for military purposes (Andrade, 2001). The development of the GPS used about US10 billion in taxpayer’s money (El-Rabbany, 2002). The GPS came to public attention after the classified information of its usage became known during the Persian Gulf War (DoD Report to Congress, 1992). The GPS was used for navigation, tracking, bomb and missile guidance, rescue and map updating (Andrade, 2001). This information is crucial in times of war for through the GPS, allied troops are able to launch assaults in the night, carry out rescue and covert operations and infiltration of enemy base camps (DoD Report to Congress, 1992). The system has only been available for public use for a decade ago. This was due to demand for the need of locating objects for various reasons and also the need of reducing cost which is the restricted limitation of applications and usage of the GPS. (Drake Rizos, 1998). The host of the GPS is the Department of Defence in the United States of America. Due to public demands, the DoD has researched and innovated the GPS system to be ready for public use. One of the aims of the system was to develop a single unified application. A single unified application that allowed more civilian use and user friendly (Logsdon, 1995). This was very attractive to real time users such as businesses and the public. Local government authorities can also benefit from it such as the police and fire departments for life and death situations. To an extent, it will also have value in terms of security of the property of a private owner. Initially, it was only affordable to large corporations, largely because of the need for insurance of a valuable item. It was a gradual process where the GPS was available for use by the general public. Due to other technological advances such as more efficient communication systems, geographic databases and innovations and breakthroughs in the microchip industry and the availability of Internet access, the GPS became more affordable; hence, it is now widely used (Andrade, 2001). In 1980, a GPS receiver cost approximately US10 000 and through innovations in the microchip industry, smaller GPS receivers were built at a fraction of the price which led to the introduction of the first hand-held receiver priced below $1000 in 1992. In 1997, the cheapest receiver up to date was introduced to the public, priced at $100 running on two AA batteries (Andrade, 2001). Although built for military purposes, due to social needs, the GPS has been innovated for the use of the public. Such uses can be seen in the field of transportation, geographic research and weather prediction (El-Rabbany, 2002). The information of position can be invaluable in these areas if given in relation to the intended path, showing points of interest and potential hazards: an aircraft position in relation to a destination; a car on a moving street map; or a boat in relation to islands and obstacles. Combined with communication technology such as the cellular phone, the knowledge of position can be life saving, reducing search and rescue mission to simply rescue mission (El-Rabbany, 2002). Transportation with GPS monitoring can keep unwanted traffic away in certain places (Drake Rizos, 1998). An example of this would be the prevention an oversize truck to travel along residential roads, against the regulations, by having a GPS tracking device on them (Drake Rizos, 1998) In business management where there are mobile goods such as a concrete truck, the truck can be fixed with a GPS tracking device. This could help improve productivity as the company can keep track of where it is. Hence, the customer can ask the concrete company where the truck is and when precisely her/his delivery can arrive. The GPS can also aid in environmental research such as wild life research and help to locate rehabilitated animals which have been released. Thus locating them through the GPS, researchers can observe their tracks and have a better understanding of the specie (Kreiter, 2001). Engineers at Purdue University and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) have developed a way to use GPS satellites to monitor the environment, which could lead to better weather prediction models (Kreiter, 2001). They had been trying to develop a system using GPS signals to image things on the ground, measuring soil moisture and the thickness of ice on the Earth’s surface (Kreiter, 2001). The advantage of using the GPS signal to make the measurements over existing equipments is that it cuts the amount of the hardware necessary by more than half. The GPS measurements appear to be just as accurate as dedicated transmitters and receivers currently in use, and are more reliable during storms (Kreiter, 2001). Finally it can be seen that the use of the technology has gone to shape itself so that society can use it in a common fashion and affordable manner. The future prospects of this technology will depend on how well it copes with other advancing technology. Analysis Hughes Theory Hughes (1991) presented that, every technology or technological change will have political, economic and technical factors. This report will analyse the relationship between the political factors and the GPS technology. In this case, the U.S government realized that the GPS is a powerful and useful technology, so they have spent a lot of money to research it (El-Rabbany, 2002). The GPS was built for military purposes to increase the military might of the U.S and with this came political power (Andrade, 2001). It is evident because in 1991, the â€Å"Navster GPS† was used in the Persian Gulf War and with it; it gave the U.S an advantage over the Iraqis forces (DoD Report to Congress, 1992). For this positioning equipment, it can increase their control over land vehicles, ships, aircraft and precision-guided weapon around the world (Andrade, 2001). This gave the U.S a huge military advantage and gave victory to the U.S over the Iraqis. Winner’s Theory Winner (Beder 1998, p.72) presents theories that explain the relationship between politics and a certain technology. GPS, as mentioned was developed by the U.S military. However, politics is the main supplier to provide support to the development of this technology (Andrade, 2001). In this we can see that the military department was the one who developed the GPS, but its development was spurred by political needs. The government of U.S needed a technology that could monitor the movements of governments around the world. For this would give them an advantage over countries that should wish that wage war against the U.S (Andrade, 2001). For the GPS to be researched and developed, it required a huge sum of funding (El-Rabbany, 2002). Only through government grants, did the GPS project take place. (Andrade, 2001). This can be supported by Winner’s (Beder 1998, p.72) theory that a technology â€Å"appears to require or to be strongly compatible with particular kinds of power relationships†. With Winner’s theory, we can conclude that politics was the driving force to the creation of the GPS. This conclusion is made because political factors are the ones that govern the distribution of government money and fund, and through this, the GPS was provided the necessary funds to begin operations (Andrade, 2001). Basalla’s Theory Basalla (1988) introduced the idea of social and cultural choice involving the adoption of a certain technology. He also mentioned that an invention alters itself due to meet the needs of the society. The GPS was brought to use in the early 1990s and has since influenced the society gradually. Although the U.S. Department of Defence created the system to serve the sole purpose of military applications, it has evolved since its launch (Andrade, 2001). Through the needs of the general public and commercial demand, it has far transformed from its original role to aid in the transportation business, geographic research field and also in weather prediction and surface monitoring (El-Rabbany, 2002). This demonstrated Basalla’s (1988) theory of social and cultural choice, where the invention alters itself due to meet the desire of the user. It can be seen that the GPS has been put to different uses after its introduction although built for a different purpose. Conclusion Through the analysis of the study, it can be seen how political factors needs and goals were the driving force into the introduction of the GPS system. Built for military purposes, it has managed to strengthen the military might of the U.S forces rendering them an advantage as seen in the Gulf War. Through Hughes’ and Winner’s theories, it is evident to see the relationship that existed between the political factors and the GPS system. In concluding with Basalla’s views on social choices, it can clearly be seen that ultimately it was social choice that dictated how the GPS was used in the U.S. Used by the U.S for military purposes, but the constraints of public needs and demands, dictated that the uses of GPS be changed to meet its needs. In the past decade, the uses of GPS have increased tremendously rendering the world virtually smaller. Users are now able to communicate with each other even in remotest part of the world owing to this technology. In realizing the relations of the theories of technological developments with our daily lives, engineers are able to understand and more equipped towards the task are creating a more sustainable future.

Common English Spelling Pronunciation Problems

Common English Spelling Pronunciation Problems Spelling words in English is challenging work. As a matter of fact, many native speakers of English have problems with spelling correctly. One of the main reasons for this is that many, many English words are NOT spelled as they are spoken. This difference between pronunciation and spelling causes a lot of confusion. The combination ough provides an excellent example: Tough - pronounced - tuf (the u sounding as in cup)Through - pronounced - throoDough - pronounced - doe (long o)Bought - pronounced - bawt Its enough to make anyone crazy! Here are some of the most common problems when spelling words in English. Three Syllables Pronounced as Two Syllables Aspirin - pronounced - asprinDifferent - pronounced - diffrentEvery - pronounced - evry Four Syllables Pronounced as Three Syllables Comfortable - pronounced - comfrtableTemperature - pronounced - tempratureVegetable - pronounced - vegtable Words That Sound the Same (Homophones) two, to, too - pronounced - tooknew, new - pronounced - niewthrough, threw - pronounced - throonot, knot, naught - pronounced - not Same Sounds - Different Spellings Eh as in Let letbreadsaid Ai as in I Isighbuyeither The following  letters are silent when pronounced. D  - sandwich, WednesdayG  - sign, foreignGH  - daughter, light, rightH  - why, honest, hourK  - know, knight, knobL  - should, walk, halfP  - cupboard, psychologyS  - islandT  - whistle, listen, fastenU  - guess, guitarW  - who, write, wrong Unusual Letter Combinations GH F: cough, laugh, enough, roughCH K: chemistry, headache, Christmas, stomachEA EH: breakfast, head, bread, insteadEA EI: steak, breakEA EE: weak, streakOU UH: country, double, enough

"IS WAL-MART GOOD FOR AMERICA" Assignment

"IS WAL-MART GOOD FOR AMERICA" - Assignment Example The decline of Rubbermaid in the period of 1994 to 2004 began when price of resin increased, and Wal-mart could not afford the new prices. In addition, reductions for products in the market influenced sale of Rubbermaid assets to Newell and the subsequent loss of jobs. In response, Wal-mart attested against Five Rivers. However, the company won the case. The outcome made Five Rivers more competitive and facilitated reevaluation of import duties that resulted in increased Chinese prices. I am surprised to discover the aggressiveness of Wal-mart in production and distribution of low-cost products. Specifically, I am perplexed about the innovative ideas of global sourcing concept and how the firm manages to influence prices of other commodities in America. Wal-mart strategies are fair yet they adversely affect other producers. However, in the context of buyers the tactics avail cheap goods for everyone. It is providing a broad range of products at rock-bottom cost taking into consideration the prevailing economic situations (Boone 2012) Wal-mart should embrace a collaborative management approach and diversify its production mechanisms to balance the needs of different stakeholders and workers. Wal-mart should train and involve workers in supply chain

Japanese American Internment during WWII Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Japanese American Internment during WWII - Essay Example The attack destroyed two battleships, one hundred and forty nine airplanes and sunk four other battleships. The damage caused to Pearl Harbor brought about fresh resentment to the existing bias towards Japanese immigrants. Within hours of air strikes at Pearl Harbor, FBI representatives checked through Japanese American communities in Oregon, Hawaii, Washington and California and arrested community leaders, Christian ministers, Buddhist reverends, teachers of Japanese culture, language or martial arts, businessmen and people with famous political ideas. The arrests included Japanese Americans with sympathetic relations to Japan. Thousands of Japanese Americans were rounded up, interrogated and shipped to detention camps according to the orders of the Justice Department to Bismarck, Santa Fe, Crystal City and Missoula. Some Japanese Americans disappeared for years. With the entry of United States into the Second World War, anti Japanese reactions strengthened through a number of hyste rical stories of sabotage, propaganda and news related to American battlefield fatalities. Banks serving only the Japanese were closed down and the U.S. Treasury froze the bank accounts of all born in Japan (Inada & California Historical Society p.xi). Apparently, to safeguard individuals of Japanese ancestry from arrest and suspicion, a mandatory curfew was set up initially on Japanese aliens and later on Japanese American citizens and it was mandatory to carry identification. The Army pressurized the Department of Justice and the FBI to perform unannounced searches and seize contraband products in enemy alien homes with specific emphasis to weapons, cameras and radio transmitters that could be utilized to signal Japanese ships floating offshore. After ten weeks of the Second World War, in February 1942, the Executive Order 9066 was signed by President Franklin Roosevelt. The order authorized to exclude people of Japanese descent; both aliens and

Minority Group and Multiculturalism Essay Example for Free

Minority Group and Multiculturalism Essay Ideas about the legal and political accommodation of ethnic diversity — commonly termed â€Å"multiculturalism† — emerged in the West as a vehicle for replacing older forms of ethnic and racial hierarchy with new relations of democratic citizenship. Despite substantial evidence that these policies are making progress toward that goal, a chorus of political leaders has declared them a failure and heralded the death of multiculturalism. This popular master narrative is problematic because it mischaracterizes the nature of the experiments in multiculturalism that have been undertaken, exaggerates the extent to which they have been abandoned, and misidentifies not only the genuine difficulties and limitations they have encountered but the options for addressing these problems. Talk about the retreat from multiculturalism has obscured the fact that a form of multicultural integration remains a live option for Western democracies. This report challenges four powerful myths about multiculturalism. First, it disputes the caricature of multiculturalism as the uncritical celebration of diversity at the expense of addressing grave societal problems such as unemployment and social isolation. Instead it offers an account of multiculturalism as the pursuit of new relations of democratic citizenship, inspired and constrained by human-rights ideals. Second, it contests the idea that multiculturalism has been in wholesale retreat, and offers instead evidence that multiculturalism policies (MCPs) have persisted, and have even grown stronger, over the past ten years. Third, it challenges the idea that multiculturalism has failed, and offers instead evidence that MCPs have had positive effects. Fourth, it disputes the idea that the spread of civic integration policies has displaced multiculturalism or rendered it obsolete. The report instead offers evidence that MCPs are fully consistent with certain forms of civic integration policies, and that indeed the combination of multiculturalism with an â€Å"enabling† form of civic integration is both normatively desirable and empirically effective in at least some cases. To help address these issues, this paper draws upon the Multiculturalism Policy Index. This index 1) identifies eight concrete policy areas where liberal-democratic states — faced with a choice — decided to develop more multicultural forms of citizenship in relation to immigrant groups and 2) measures the extent to which countries have espoused some or all of these policies over time. While there have been some high-profile cases of retreat from MCPs, such as the Netherlands, the general pattern from 1980 to 2010 has been one of modest strengthening. Ironically, some countries that have been vociferous about multiculturalism’s â€Å"failure† (e. g. , Germany) have not actually practiced an active multicultural strategy. Talk about the retreat from multiculturalism has obscured the fact that a form of multicultural integration remains a live option for Western democracies. However, not all attempts to adopt new models of multicultural citizenship have taken root or succeeded in achieving their intended effects. There are several factors that can either facilitate or impede the successful implementation of multiculturalism: Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future 1 MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE Desecuritization of ethnic relations. Multiculturalism works best if relations between the state and minorities are seen as an issue of social policy, not as an issue of state security. If the state perceives immigrants to be a security threat (such as Arabs and Muslims after 9/11), support for multiculturalism will drop and the space for minorities to even voice multicultural claims will diminish. Human rights. Support for multiculturalism rests on the assumption that there is a shared commitment to human rights across ethnic and religious lines. If states perceive certain groups as unable or unwilling to respect human-rights norms, they are unlikely to accord them multicultural rights or resources. Much of the backlash against multiculturalism is fundamentally driven by anxieties about Muslims, in particular, and their perceived unwillingness to embrace liberal-democratic norms. Border control. Multiculturalism is more controversial when citizens fear they lack control over their borders — for instance when countries are faced with large numbers (or unexpected surges) of unauthorized immigrants or asylum seekers — than when citizens feel the borders are secure. Diversity of immigrant groups. Multiculturalism works best when it is genuinely multicultural — that is, when immigrants come from many source countries rather than coming overwhelmingly from just one (which is more likely to lead to polarized relations with the majority). Economic contributions. Support for multiculturalism depends on the perception that immigrants are holding up their end of the bargain and making a good-faith effort to contribute to society — particularly economically. When these facilitating conditions are present, multiculturalism can be seen as a low-risk option, and indeed seems to have worked well in such cases. Multiculturalism tends to lose support in high-risk situations where immigrants are seen as predominantly illegal, as potential carriers of illiberal practices or movements, or as net burdens on the welfare state. However, one could argue that rejecting immigrant multiculturalism under these circumstances is in fact the higher-risk move. It is precisely when immigrants are perceived as illegitimate, illiberal, and burdensome that multiculturalism may be most needed. I. Introduction Ideas about the legal and political accommodation of ethnic diversity have been in a state of flux around the world for the past 40 years. One hears much about the â€Å"rise and fall of multiculturalism. † Indeed, this has become a kind of master narrative, widely invoked by scholars, journalists, and policymakers alike to explain the evolution of contemporary debates about diversity. Although people disagree about what comes after multiculturalism, there is a surprising consensus that we are in a post-multicultural era. This report contends that this master narrative obscures as much as it reveals, and that we need an alternative framework for thinking about the choices we face. Multiculturalism’s successes and failures, as well as its level of public acceptance, have depended on the nature of the issues at stake and the countries involved, and we need to understand these variations if we are to identify a more sustainable model for accommodating diversity. This paper will argue that the master narrative 1) mischaracterizes the nature of the experiments in multiculturalism that have been undertaken, 2) exaggerates the extent to which they have been abandoned, and 3) misidentifies the genuine difficulties and limitations they have encountered and the options for addressing these problems. 2 Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE Before we can decide whether to celebrate or lament the fall of multiculturalism, we need first to make sure we know what multiculturalism has meant both in theory and in practice, where it has succeeded or failed to meet its objectives, and under what conditions it is likely to thrive in the future. The Rise and Fall of Multiculturalism The master narrative of the â€Å"rise and fall of multiculturalism† helpfully captures important features of our current debates. Yet in some respects it is misleading, and may obscure the real challenges and opportunities we face. In its simplest form, the master narrative goes like this:1 Since the mid-1990s we have seen a backlash and retreat from multiculturalism. From the 1970s to mid-1990s, there was a clear trend across Western democracies toward the increased recognition and accommodation of diversity through a range of multiculturalism policies (MCPs) and minority rights. These policies were endorsed both at the domestic level in some states and by international organizations, and involved a rejection of earlier ideas of unitary and homogeneous nationhood. Since the mid-1990s, however, we have seen a backlash and retreat from multiculturalism, and a reassertion of ideas of nation building, common values and identity, and unitary citizenship — even a call for the â€Å"return of assimilation. † This retreat is partly driven by fears among the majority group that the accommodation of diversity has â€Å"gone too far† and is threatening their way of life. This fear often expresses itself in the rise of nativist and populist right-wing political movements, such as the Danish People’s Party, defending old ideas of â€Å"Denmark for the Danish. † But the retreat also reflects a belief among the center-left that multiculturalism has failed to help the intended beneficiaries — namely, minorities themselves — because it has failed to address the underlying sources of their social, economic, and political exclusion and may have unintentionally contributed to their social isolation. As a result, even the center-left political movements that initially championed multiculturalism, such as the social democratic parties in Europe, have backed 1 For influential academic statements of this â€Å"rise and fall† narrative, claiming that it applies across the Western democracies, see Rogers Brubaker, â€Å"The Return of Assimilation? † Ethnic and Racial Studies 24, no. 4 (2001): 531–48; and Christian Joppke, â€Å"The Retreat of Multiculturalism in the Liberal State: Theory and Policy,† British Journal of Sociology 55, no. 2 (2004): 237–57. There are also many accounts of the â€Å"decline,† â€Å"retreat,† or â€Å"crisis† of multiculturalism in particular countries. For the Netherlands, see Han Entzinger, â€Å"The Rise and Fall of Multiculturalism in the Netherlands,† in Toward Assimilation and Citizenship: Immigrants in Liberal Nation-States, eds. Christian Joppke and Ewa Morawska (London: Palgrave, 2003) and Ruud Koopmans, â€Å"Trade-Offs between Equality and Difference: The Crisis of Dutch Multiculturalism in Cross-National Perspective† (Brief, Danish Institute for International Studies, Copenhagen, December 2006). For Britain, see Randall Hansen, â€Å"Diversity, Integration and the Turn from Multiculturalism in the United Kingdom,† in Belonging? Diversity, Recognition and Shared Citizenship in Canada, eds. Keith G. Banting, Thomas J. Courchene, and F. Leslie Seidle (Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 2007); Les Back, Michael Keith, Azra Khan, Kalbir Shukra, and John Solomos, â€Å"New Labour’s White Heart: Politics, Multiculturalism and the Return of Assimilation,† Political Quarterly 73, No. 4 (2002): 445–54; Steven Vertovec, â€Å"Towards post-multiculturalism? Changing communities, conditions and contexts of diversity,† International Social Science Journal 61 (2010): 83–95. For Australia, see Ien Ang and John Stratton, â€Å"Multiculturalism in Crisis: The New Politics of Race and National Identity in Australia,† in On Not Speaking Chinese: Living Between Asia and the West, ed. I. Ang (London: Routledge, 2001). For Canada, see Lloyd Wong, Joseph Garcea, and Anna Kirova, An Analysis of the ‘Anti- and Post-Multiculturalism’ Discourses: The Fragmentation Position (Alberta: Prairie Centre for Excellence in Research on Immigration and Integration, 2005), http://pmc.metropolis. Net/Virtual%20Library/FinalReports/Post-multi%20FINAL%20REPORT%20for%20PCERII%20_2_. pdf. For a good overview of the backlash discourse in various countries, see Steven Vertovec and Susan Wessendorf, eds. , The Multiculturalism Backlash: European Discourses, Policies and Practices (London: Routledge, 2010). Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future 3 MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE away from it and shifted to a discourse that emphasizes â€Å"civic integration,† â€Å"social cohesion,† â€Å"common values,† and â€Å"shared citizenship. †2 The social-democratic discourse of civic integration differs from the radical-right discourse in emphasizing the need to develop a more inclusive national identity and to fight racism and discrimination, but it nonetheless distances itself from the rhetoric and policies of multiculturalism. The term postmulticulturalism has often been invoked to signal this new approach, which seeks to overcome the limits of a naive or misguided multiculturalism while avoiding the oppressive reassertion of homogenizing nationalist ideologies. 3 II. What Is Multiculturalism? A. Misleading Model In much of the post-multiculturalist literature, multiculturalism is characterized as a feel-good celebration of ethnocultural diversity, encouraging citizens to acknowledge and embrace the panoply of customs, traditions, music, and cuisine that exist in a multiethnic society. Yasmin Alibhai-Brown calls this the â€Å"3S† model of multiculturalism in Britain — saris, samosas, and steeldrums. 4. Multiculturalism takes these familiar cultural markers of ethnic groups — clothing, cuisine, and music — and treats them as authentic practices to be preserved by their members and safely consumed by others. Under the banner of multiculturalism they are taught in school, performed in festivals, displayed in media and museums, and so on. This celebratory model of multiculturalism has been the focus of many critiques, including the following: It ignores issues of economic and political inequality. Even if all Britons come to enjoy Jamaican steeldrum music or Indian samosas, this would do nothing to address the real problems facing Caribbean and South Asian communities in Britain — problems of unemployment, poor educational outcomes, residential segregation, poor English language skills, and political marginalization. These economic and political issues cannot be solved simply by celebrating cultural differences. Even with respect to the (legitimate) goal of promoting greater understanding of cultural differences, the focus on celebrating â€Å"authentic† cultural practices that are â€Å"unique† to each group is potentially dangerous. First, not all customs that may be traditionally practiced within a particular group are worthy of being celebrated, or even of being legally tolerated, such as forced marriage. To avoid stirring up controversy, there’s a tendency to choose as the focus of multicultural celebrations safely inoffensive practices — such as cuisine or music — that can be enjoyably consumed by members of the larger society. But this runs the opposite risk 2. For an overview of the attitudes of European social democratic parties to these issues, see Rene Cuperus, Karl Duffek, and Johannes Kandel, eds. , The Challenge of Diversity: European Social Democracy Facing Migration, Integration and Multiculturalism (Innsbruck: Studien Verlag, 2003). For references to â€Å"post-multiculturalism† by progressive intellectuals, who distinguish it from the radical right’s â€Å"antimulticulturalism,† see, regarding the United Kingdom, Yasmin Alibhai-Brown, After Multiculturalism (London: Foreign Policy Centre, 2000), and â€Å"Beyond Multiculturalism,† Canadian Diversity/Diversite Canadienne 3, no. 2 (2004): 51–4; regarding Australia, James Jupp, From White Australia to Woomera: The Story of Australian Immigration, 2nd edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007); and regarding the United States, Desmond King, The Liberty of Strangers: Making the American Nation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), and David A. Hollinger, Post-ethnic America: Beyond Multiculturalism, revised edition (New York: Basic Books, 2006). Alibhai-Brown, After Multiculturalism. 3 4 4 Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE of the trivialization or Disneyfication of cultural differences,5 ignoring the real challenges that differences in cultural and religious values can raise. Third, the 3S model of multiculturalism can encourage a conception of groups as hermetically sealed and static, each reproducing its own distinct practices. Multiculturalism may be intended to encourage people to share their customs, but the assumption that each group has its own distinctive customs ignores processes of cultural adaptation, mixing, and melange, as well as emerging cultural commonalities, thereby potentially reinforcing perceptions of minorities as eternally â€Å"other. † This in turn can lead to the strengthening of prejudice and stereotyping, and more generally to the polarization of ethnic relations. Fourth, this model can end up reinforcing power inequalities and cultural restrictions within minority groups. In deciding which traditions are â€Å"authentic,† and how to interpret and display them, the state generally consults the traditional elites within the group — typically older males — while ignoring the way these traditional practices (and traditional elites) are often challenged by internal reformers, who have different views about how, say, a â€Å"good Muslim† should act. It can therefore imprison people in â€Å"cultural scripts† that they are not allowed to question or dispute. According to post-multiculturalists, the growing recognition of these flaws underlies the retreat from multiculturalism and signals the search for new models of citizenship that emphasize 1) political participation and economic opportunities over the symbolic politics of cultural recognition, 2) human rights and individual freedom over respect for cultural traditions, 3) the building of inclusive national identities over the recognition of ancestral cultural identities, and 4) cultural change and cultural mixing over the reification of static cultural differences. This narrative about the rise and fall of 3S multiculturalism will no doubt be familiar to many readers. In my view, however, it is inaccurate. Not only is it a caricature of the reality of multiculturalism as it has developed over the past 40 years in the Western democracies, but it is a distraction from the real issues that we need to face. The 3S model captures something important about natural human tendencies to simplify ethnic differences, and about the logic of global capitalism to sell cosmopolitan cultural products, but it does not capture the nature of post-1960s government MCPs, which have had more complex historical sources and political goals. B. Multiculturalism in Context It is important to put multiculturalism in its historical context. In one sense, it is as old as humanity — different cultures have always found ways of coexisting, and respect for diversity was a familiar feature of many historic empires, such as the Ottoman Empire. But the sort of multiculturalism that is said to have had a â€Å"rise and fall† is a more specific historic phenomenon, emerging first in the Western democracies in the late 1960s. This timing is important, for it helps us situate multiculturalism in relation to larger social transformations of the postwar era. More specifically, multiculturalism is part of a larger human-rights revolution involving ethnic and racial diversity. Prior to World War II, ethnocultural and religious diversity in the West was characterized by a range of illiberal and undemocratic relationships of hierarchy,6 justified by racialist ideologies that explicitly propounded the superiority of some peoples and cultures and their right to rule over others. These ideologies were widely accepted throughout the Western world and underpinned both domestic laws (e. g. , racially biased immigration and citizenship policies) and foreign policies (e. g. , in relation to overseas colonies). 5 6 Neil Bissoondath, Selling Illusions: The Cult of Multiculturalism in Canada. (Toronto: Penguin, 1994). Including relations of conqueror and conquered, colonizer and colonized, master and slave, settler and indigenous, racialized and unmarked, normalized and deviant, orthodox and heretic, civilized and primitive, and ally and enemy. Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future 5 MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE After World War II, however, the world recoiled against Hitler’s fanatical and murderous use of such ideologies, and the United Nations decisively repudiated them in favor of a new ideology of the equality of races and peoples. And this new assumption of human equality generated a series of political movements designed to contest the lingering presence or enduring effects of older hierarchies. We can distinguish three â€Å"waves† of such movements: 1) the struggle for decolonization, concentrated in the period 1948–65; 2) the struggle against racial segregation and discrimination, initiated and exemplified by the AfricanAmerican civil-rights movement from 1955 to 1965; and 3) the struggle for multiculturalism and minority rights, which emerged in the late 1960s. Multiculturalism is part of a larger human-rights revolution involving ethnic and racial diversity. Each of these movements draws upon the human-rights revolution, and its foundational ideology of the equality of races and peoples, to challenge the legacies of earlier ethnic and racial hierarchies. Indeed, the human-rights revolution plays a double role here, not just as the inspiration for a struggle, but also as a constraint on the permissible goals and means of that struggle. Insofar as historically excluded or stigmatized groups struggle against earlier hierarchies in the name of equality, they too have to renounce their own traditions of exclusion or oppression in the treatment of, say, women, gays, people of mixed race, religious dissenters, and so on. Human rights, and liberal-democratic constitutionalism more generally, provide the overarching framework within which these struggles are debated and addressed. Each of these movements, therefore, can be seen as contributing to a process of democratic â€Å"citizenization† — that is, turning the earlier catalog of hierarchical relations into relationships of liberaldemocratic citizenship. This entails transforming both the vertical relationships between minorities and the state and the horizontal relationships among the members of different groups. In the past, it was often assumed that the only way to engage in this process of citizenization was to impose a single undifferentiated model of citizenship on all individuals. But the ideas and policies of multiculturalism that emerged from the 1960s start from the assumption that this complex history inevitably and appropriately generates group-differentiated ethnopolitical claims. The key to citizenization is not to suppress these differential claims but to filter them through and frame them within the language of human rights, civil liberties, and democratic accountability. And this is what multiculturalist movements have aimed to do. The precise character of the resulting multicultural reforms varies from group to group, as befits the distinctive history that each has faced. They all start from the antidiscrimination principle that underpinned the second wave but go beyond it to challenge other forms of exclusion or stigmatization. In most Western countries, explicit state-sponsored discrimination against ethnic, racial, or religious minorities had largely ceased by the 1960s and 1970s, under the influence of the second wave of humanrights struggles. Yet ethnic and racial hierarchies persist in many societies, whether measured in terms of economic inequalities, political underrepresentation, social stigmatization, or cultural invisibility. Various forms of multiculturalism have been developed to help overcome these lingering inequalities. The focus in this report is on multiculturalism as it pertains to (permanently settled) immigrant groups,7 7 There was briefly in some European countries a form of â€Å"multiculturalism† that was not aimed at the inclusion of permanent immigrants, but rather at ensuring that temporary migrants would return to their country of origin. For example, mothertongue education in Germany was not initially introduced â€Å"as a minority right but in order to enable guest worker children to reintegrate in their countries of origin† (Karen Schonwalder, â€Å"Germany: Integration Policy and Pluralism in a Self-Conscious Country of Immigration,† in The Multiculturalism Backlash: European Discourses, Policies and Practices, eds. Steven Vertovec and Susanne Wessendorf [London: Routledge, 2010], 160). Needless to say, this sort of â€Å"returnist† multiculturalism — premised on the idea that migrants are foreigners who should return to their real home — has nothing to do with multiculturalism policies (MCPs) premised on the idea that immigrants belong in their host countries, and which aim to make immigrants 6 Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE but it is worth noting that struggles for multicultural citizenship have also emerged in relation to historic minorities and indigenous peoples. 8 C. The Evolution of Multiculturalism Policies. The case of immigrant multiculturalism is just one aspect of a larger â€Å"ethnic revival† across the Western democracies,9 in which different types of minorities have struggled for new forms of multicultural citizenship that combine both antidiscrimination measures and positive forms of recognition and accommodation. Multicultural citizenship for immigrant groups clearly does not involve the same types of claims as for indigenous peoples or national minorities: immigrant groups do not typically seek land rights, territorial autonomy, or official language status. What then is the substance of multicultural citizenship in relation to immigrant groups? The Multiculturalism Policy Index is one attempt to measure the evolution of MCPs in a standardized format that enables comparative research. 10 The index takes the following eight policies as the most common or emblematic forms of immigrant MCPs:11 Constitutional, legislative, or parliamentary affirmation of multiculturalism, at the central and/ or regional and municipal levels The adoption of multiculturalism in school curricula The inclusion of ethnic representation/sensitivity in the mandate of public media or media licensing Exemptions from dress codes, either by statute or by court cases Allowing of dual citizenship The funding of ethnic group organizations to support cultural activities The funding of bilingual education or mother-tongue instruction Affirmative action for disadvantaged immigrant groups12 feel more at home where they are. The focus of this paper is on the latter type of multiculturalism, which is centrally concerned with constructing new relations of citizenship. 8 In relation to indigenous peoples, for example — such as the Maori in New Zealand, Aboriginal peoples in Canada and Australia, American Indians, the Sami in Scandinavia, and the Inuit of Greenland — new models of multicultural citizenship have emerged since the late 1960s that include policies such as land rights, self-government rights, recognition of customary laws, and guarantees of political consultation. And in relation to substate national groups — such as the Basques and Catalans in Spain, Flemish and Walloons in Belgium, Scots and Welsh in Britain, Quebecois in Canada, Germans in South Tyrol, Swedish in Finland — we see new models of multicultural citizenship that include policies such as federal or quasi-federal territorial autonomy; official language status, either in the region or nationally; and guarantees of representation in the central government or on constitutional courts. 9. Anthony Smith, The Ethnic Revival in the Modern World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). 10 Keith Banting and I developed this index, first published in Keith Banting and Will Kymlicka, eds. , Multiculturalism and the Welfare State: Recognition and Redistribution in Contemporary Democracies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006). Many of the ideas discussed in this paper are the result of our collaboration. 11 As with all cross-national indices, there is a trade-off between standardization and sensitivity to local nuances. There is no universally accepted definition of multiculturalism policies and no hard and fast line that would sharply distinguish MCPs from closely related policy fields, such as antidiscrimination policies, citizenship policies, and integration policies. Different countries (or indeed different actors within a single country) are likely to draw this line in different places, and any list is therefore likely to be controversial. 12 For a fuller description of these policies, and the justification for including them in the Multiculturalism Policy Index, see the index website, www.queensu. ca/mcp. The site also includes our separate index of MCPs for indigenous peoples and for national minorities. Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future 7 MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE Other policies could be added (or subtracted) from the index, but there was a recognizable â€Å"multiculturalist turn† across Western democracies in the last few decades of the 20th century, and we can identify a range of public policies that are seen, by both critics and defenders, as emblematic of this turn. Each of the eight policy indicators listed above is intended to capture a policy dimension where liberaldemocratic states faced a choice about whether or not to take a multicultural turn and to develop more multicultural forms of citizenship in relation to immigrant groups. While multiculturalism for immigrant groups clearly differs in substance from that for indigenous peoples or national minorities, each policy has been defended as a means to overcome the legacies of earlier hierarchies and to help build fairer and more inclusive democratic societies. Therefore, multiculturalism is first and foremost about developing new models of democratic citizenship, grounded in human-rights ideals, to replace earlier uncivil and undemocratic relations of hierarchy and exclusion. Needless to say, this account of multiculturalism-as-citizenization differs dramatically from the 3S account of multiculturalism as the celebration of static cultural differences. Whereas the 3S account says that multiculturalism is about displaying and consuming differences in cuisine, clothing, and music, while neglecting issues of political and economic inequality, the citizenization account says that multiculturalism is precisely about constructing new civic and political relations to overcome the deeply entrenched inequalities that have persisted after the abolition of formal discrimination. It is important to determine which of these accounts more accurately describes the Western experience with multiculturalism. Before we can decide whether to celebrate or lament the fall of multiculturalism, we first need to make sure we know what multiculturalism has in fact been. The 3S account is misleading for three principal reasons. 13 Multiculturalism is first and foremost about developing new models of democratic citizenship, grounded in human-rights ideals. First, the claim that multiculturalism is solely or primarily about symbolic cultural politics depends on a misreading of the actual policies. Whether we look at indigenous peoples, national minorities, or immigrant groups, it is immediately apparent that MCPs combine economic, political, social, and cultural dimensions. While minorities are (rightly) concerned to contest the historic stigmatization of their cultures, immigrant multiculturalism also includes policies that are concerned with access to political power and economic opportunities — for example, policies of affirmative action, mechanisms of political consultation, funding for ethnic self-organization, and facilitated access to citizenship. In relation all three types of groups, MCPs combine cultural recognition, economic redistribution, and political participation. Second, the claim that multiculturalism ignores the importance of universal human rights is equally misplaced. On the contrary, as we’ve seen, multiculturalism is itself a human-rights-based movement, inspired and constrained by principles of human rights and liberal-democratic constitutionalism. Its goal is to challenge the traditional ethnic and racial hierarchies that have been discredited by the postwar human-rights revolution. Understood in this way, multiculturalism-as-citizenization offers no support for accommodating the illiberal cultural practices within minority groups that have also The same human-righ.

The Attitudes of the Poets in Warning and Old man Essay -- Jenny Josep

The Attitudes of the Poets in Warning and Old man Both poems represent a picture of old age. Jenny Joseph's view of what she imagines life will be like, and her expectations, where-as U A Fanthorpe's observation of old age, is of her father, and is written from her own experience. Jenny Joseph sees old age as a positive experience. She seems to believe she will be free from responsibility. "I shall go out in my slippers in the rain." She suggests these are the things she would enjoy to do now, but if she were to actually do these now, people would disapprove of her actions. She assumes that when she gets old, others will accept childish actions. Jenny Joseph does not see herself unable to do anything that she can do at the moment. Her picture of old age is one of being active. "Sit down on the pavement when I'm tired." She sees this as being a childish act, as she would not consider sitting on the pavement now. She does not think about the restrictions that old age bring. In "Old man, old man" Fanthorpe presents a picture of her fathers old age. He is unable to do many things he once could do. "Now his hands shamble among clues" =================================== Fanthorpe's father could once do these things for himself but now he needs the help off the other people. Fanthorpe raises issues that are negative towards old age, and how old people are like children, the way they become dependant on others. Most of the behaviour described in both poems is childish. Jenny Joseph seems to see age as a second childhood. "Pick the flowers in other peoples gardens" She sees this an act that children can get away with, she also sees this as a step into a new freedom, where as Fanthorpe... ...cking her father, at his expense, someone suggesting another to be the 'lord' of something is of high status, and so it is funny as it is only a shed. There is also a sense of sadness to the poem, as she recounts of her father not being good with her when she was young. "Not good with daughters" I believe that the motive for this is because of his interest's in D.I.Y rather than the more necessary and essential things in life. Fanthorpes father has seemed to lose all-important aspects of his character, even the aspects that were dislikeable about his personality. He has begun to be dependent on other people, and is unaware of what is happening. I think both poems represent humour and compassion. Jenny Joseph represents the bright and optimistic observation's of old age, where-as Fanthorpe raises depressing and discouraging vision's of old age.

Celeste LaClaire Learns †A Ghost In My Suitcase Essay

The title of the novel is ‘A Ghost in my Suitcase’ by Gabrielle Wang. The setting of the story is in China, a long way away from where the main character Celeste lives in Australia. The two main themes in the novel are Celeste’s sense of belonging and her family’s tradition of ghost-hunting. Celeste met many people during her travels in China and she learnt more about herself and who she really is from the people she encountered. Celeste learnt that for generations, her family have been ghost-hunters and that was what inspired her to be brave throughout her daring, adventurous journey. Celeste also discovered that you have to be smart and cunning to survive on your own and that you should never judge a person – or a book – by their cover. Celeste learnt that not everyone is as they appear. They can have deep, dark secrets hidden behind large, unopened doors. Celeste said â€Å"Learn what Por Por?† â€Å"To be a ghost-hunter† Por Por replied, â€Å"To be a ghost-hunter?!† I say shocked. â€Å"Yes. It’s what our family has been doing for generations† Por Por said – page 67 and 68. She learnt how people can appear to be totally different than what you think and even have skills they thought they never possessed. When Celeste was in China, she learnt to forgive Ting Ting for her rude behavior after she apologized. Celeste thought to herself ‘ I see Ting Ting squatting in the corner looking inside the drawer of a large cabinet. She spins around. When she sees me, her face blows up red and angry â€Å"What are you doing here?† she yells, getting up and rushing towards me. She pushes me hard and I fall out the doorway and onto the floor.’ – page 29. Later in the story, Ting Ting said, â€Å"I was thinking, we have a lot in common, you and me. You lost your mother. I lost my parents. We have the same por por and we are both ghost-hunters. We could almost be sisters.† – page 167. Celeste learnt that when people apologize for what they did, and truly mean it, then you can forgive them and mend friendships and relationships together. When Celeste was in Bao Mansion, she learnt that in frightening or scary situations, you have to be brave. She had to stand up for herself and face the evil ghost of Shen Dai Pa. Celeste thought to herself ‘I feel so helpless. But then I remember something I  still have my ghost song. Nobody can take that away from me.’ – page 156. She learnt to be brave from situations like this and she can use her skills in the future. Celeste learnt from passed events and others that life is not always fair. Celeste learnt that people abandon you when her mother died. People close to you pass away, almost without notice, so unexpectedly and that plays a major impact on your life. It leaves you so sad and depressed. She thought sorrowfully to herself ‘ Before Mama died I felt as if I could wrap up the day and put it in my pocket and know exactly what it was going to be like the next morning. But now I feel trapped, as if I’m in a giant spider web’ – page 2. When people leave you, it can often be hard to get your head around it; things that you can normally do with ease become hard, you get distracted, you can’t think straight and I know for a fact that anything that triggers a thought or memory could make you burst out crying. Celeste learnt many things about herself throughout her journey and the reason for this is that she travelled with her family to new places and got to know people better. The main knowledge that she gained from her trip is that sometimes you need to forgive, life is not always fair, you have to be brave and that not everyone is as they seem. In circumstances, you have to be brave, even if it means facing your worst fears and overcoming them.